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Myrmecia nigriceps
''Myrmecia nigriceps'', also known as the black-headed bull ant, is a species of ant endemic to Australia. A member of the genus ''Myrmecia'' in the subfamily Myrmeciinae, it was first described by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1862. These ants are large, varying from in length. However, colonies contain workers that are much smaller, usually half the size of normal workers. The queens are the largest while the males are the smallest, which can be easily identified due to their small mandibles.
Mainly nocturnal ''M. nigriceps'' is found in hot hilly areas and woodland, nesting underground in mounds. The ant's diet consists of sweet liquids from flowering plants and invertebrate prey, which are fed to the carnivorous larvae. Spiders are known to eat these ants, and echidnas consume the larvae and pupae. Like other ''Myrmecia'' species, ''M. nigriceps'' ants possess a powerful and painful sting, and the venom is capable of inducing allergic reactions in sensitive people.
==Taxonomy==
First identified by Gustav Mayr in 1862, Mayr provided the first description of ''M. nigriceps'' in his journal ''Myrmecologische Studien''. The species was described under the binomial name ''Myrmecia nigriceps'', based on syntype workers collected from Gayndah and Sydney. In 1907, Swiss myrmecologist Auguste Forel treated ''M. nigriceps'' as a variant of ''M. vindex'', but he eventually treated it as a synonym in 1910. ''M. nigriceps'' was revived as a full species in 1933 by American entomologist William Morton Wheeler, on the basis that it is distributed throughout Australia and its average size is greater than ''M. vindex''. Scottish born Australian entomologist John S. Clark published one synonym – ''Myrmecia fasciata'', now considered a junior synonym. ''M. nigriceps'' is a member of the genus ''Myrmecia'', a part of the primitive subfamily Myrmeciinae; most ancestors of the genus are only found in fossils, with the exception of the dinosaur ant (''Nothomyrmecia macrops'').
''M. nigriceps'' is a member of the ''M. gulosa'' species group, which is the largest species group of the nine groups described.〔 The specific name, ''nigriceps'', is a combination of ''nigri'', which derives from the Latin word ''nigra'', meaning "black", and ''ceps'', which is derived from the Greek word ''cephalē'', meaning "head". This references the distinctive black head of the ant. With this said, ''M. nigriceps'' is commonly known as the black-headed bull ant.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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